nadh chemical formula

$22.55. [9], In rat liver, the total amount of NAD+ and NADH is approximately 1 μmole per gram of wet weight, about 10 times the concentration of NADP+ and NADPH in the same cells. $26.00. Chemical Class: NADPH is the reduced form of NADP+; used in anabolic reactions, such as lipid and nucleic acid synthesis, which require NADPH as a reducing agent. SKU. CAS # 606-68-8. This amount of chemical energy is almost similar to that produced by the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP. tomato (PDB: 2CWH​; InterPro: IPR003767). [23] These different ratios are key to the different metabolic roles of NADH and NADPH. Title Lot Number; 481913: Enter Lot Number Go: Citations . Jennifer. Occurs in the mitochondrial matrix. Step 3: Investment #2: The enzyme phosphofructokinase catalyzes the phosphorylation of fructose-6-phosphate, using a second ATP, producing fructose-1,6-bisphosphate. It works as a reducing agent in lipid and nucleic acid synthesis. The oxygen that is take… I know NAD+ has a chemical formula of C21 H27 N7 O14 P2, but what about NADH? 0 0. This intermediate is then attacked by the 3' hydroxyl group of the other DNA end, forming a new phosphodiester bond. [ [ (2R,3S,4R,5R)-5- (6-aminopurin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl] [ (2R,3S,4R,5R)-5- (3-carbamoylpyridin-1-ium-1-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methyl hydrogen phosphate. [32], Besides assembling NAD+ de novo from simple amino acid precursors, cells also salvage preformed compounds containing a pyridine base. Although most tissues synthesize NAD+ by the salvage pathway in mammals, much more de novo synthesis occurs in the liver from tryptophan, and in the kidney and macrophages from nicotinic acid. [13] However, more than 80% of NADH fluorescence in mitochondria is from bound form, so the concentration in solution is much lower. [94] Compounds such as resveratrol increase the activity of these enzymes, which may be important in their ability to delay aging in both vertebrate,[95] and invertebrate model organisms. It acts as a coenzyme in redox reactions, as a donor of ADP-ribose moieties in ADP-ribosylation reactions, as a precursor of the second messenger molecule cyclic ADP-ribose, as well as acting as a substrate for bacterial DNA ligases and a group of enzymes called sirtuins that use NAD+ to remove acetyl groups from proteins. 606-68-8 NADH is a coenzyme that functions as a regenerating electron donor in catabolic processes including glycolysis, β-oxidation and the citric acid cycle. Source(s): https://shrinkurl.im/a8YKu. In alcohol fermentation, what is pyruvate converted to? Finally, the nicotinic acid moiety in NaAD is amidated to a nicotinamide (Nam) moiety, forming nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. It derives from a propionate.It is a conjugate base of a pyruvic acid. [44], There are many different superfamilies of enzymes that bind NAD+ / NADH. 23 - What does the designation ROS stand for? [114] In 2009 Imai proposed the "NAD World" hypothesis that key regulators of aging and longevity in mammals are sirtuin 1 and the primary NAD+ synthesizing enzyme nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT). [3] The reaction is easily reversible, when NADH reduces another molecule and is re-oxidized to NAD+. Its chemical reactions oxidize all six of the original carbon atoms to \(\ce{CO_2}\), and capture the energy released in 2 ATP, 6 NADH, and 2 FADH\(_2\). It is a coenzyme which acts as a reducing agent in most reactions mainly in anabolic reactions. In 2004, Charles Brenner and co-workers uncovered the nicotinamide riboside kinase pathway to NAD+. ATP Dephosphorylation Coupled to Nonspontaneous Reactions 2.3. NADH in solution has an emission peak at 340 nm and a fluorescence lifetime of 0.4 nanoseconds, while the oxidized form of the coenzyme does not fluoresce. Coupled Reactions to Generate ATP 3. Chemical Formula. What is the chemical formula of NAD+ and NADH? This step is … NADH. NADH, in contrast, is a doubly charged anion, because of its two bridging phosphate groups. Some NAD is converted into the coenzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP); its chemistry largely parallels that of NAD, though predominantly its role is as a cofactor in anabolic metabolism. NADH + CoQ10 - Our bodies produce energy from the food we eat in a process called cellular respiration.The energy produced is called ATP, and the byproducts are water and carbon dioxide. Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate (NADPH) is also a coenzyme that involves anabolic reactions. [70] These enzymes act by transferring an acetyl group from their substrate protein to the ADP-ribose moiety of NAD+; this cleaves the coenzyme and releases nicotinamide and O-acetyl-ADP-ribose. yeast . [86][87], It has been studied for its potential use in the therapy of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. CopyCopied, CSID:388299, http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.388299.html (accessed 09:51, Jan 24, 2021) Il représente une source énergétique préalable à l'ATP. β-Nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide reduced disodium salt, β-DPNH, β-NADH, DPNH, Diphosphopyridine nucleotide reduced form, NADH. Hope this information will clear your doubts about the topic. It is found widely in nature and is involved in numerous enzymatic reactions in which it serves as an electron carrier by being alternately oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH… Chemical formula of ATP is C 10 H 16 N 5 O 13 P 3. Structurally, the NAD + coenzyme can be viewed as a nicotinamide base in a β-glycosidic linkage with adenosine diphosphate (ADP)ribose. These reducing agents are then used to make ATP. [102] They noticed that adding boiled and filtered yeast extract greatly accelerated alcoholic fermentation in unboiled yeast extracts. A close look at NAD biosynthesis A close look at NAD biosynthesis Andrea Mattevi Two new studies on the structure of an enzyme involved the synthesis of mammalian NAD shed new light on the evolutionary and biochemical complexity of this fundamental metabolic pathway. [33] There are some reports that mammalian cells can take up extracellular NAD+ from their surroundings,[34] and both nicotinamide and nicotinamide riboside can be absorbed from the gut. 23 - Give the chemical formula for each of the... Ch. [71] However, non-histone proteins can be deacetylated by sirtuins as well. For the best answers, search on this site https://shorturl.im/awNrz. Identification of intermediates", "Pyridine nucleotide metabolites stimulate calcium release from sea urchin egg microsomes desensitized to inositol trisphosphate", "The NAD World: a new systemic regulatory network for metabolism and aging--Sirt1, systemic NAD biosynthesis, and their importance", "The NAD World 2.0: the importance of the inter-tissue communication mediated by NAMPT/NAD +/SIRT1 in mammalian aging and longevity control", "Generic protocol for population-based surveillance of Haemophilus influenzae type B", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicotinamide_adenine_dinucleotide&oldid=1000603267, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages, Chemical articles with multiple compound IDs, Multiple chemicals in an infobox that need indexing, Chemical articles with multiple CAS registry numbers, Pages using collapsible list with both background and text-align in titlestyle, Articles containing unverified chemical infoboxes, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 15 January 2021, at 21:02. As per to the [NADH,]/[NAD+] ratio in the cytosol is 0.001, while the other side [NADPH]/[NADP+] ratio is 100. I tried google and it gave me the same formula as NAD, but since NADH is it's reduced form shouldn't gain extra H atoms and so wouldn't its chemical formula change to reflect this? How is pyruvate converted to 2C acetaldehyde? what is the chemical formula of pyruvate. have found that NAD+ directly regulates protein-protein interactions. IUPAC Name: [5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyo... CAS Number: 74927-11-0 . Chemsrc provides NADH(CAS#:58-68-4) MSDS, density, melting point, boiling point, structure, formula, molecular weight etc. [36] Some pathogens, such as the yeast Candida glabrata and the bacterium Haemophilus influenzae are NAD+ auxotrophs – they cannot synthesize NAD+ – but possess salvage pathways and thus are dependent on external sources of NAD+ or its precursors. It is the β-nicotinamide diastereom… Because of the importance of this enzyme in purine metabolism, these compounds may be useful as anti-cancer, anti-viral, or immunosuppressive drugs. The nicotinamide moiety can be attached in two orientations to this anomeric carbon atom. Pyruvate Oxidation. Because of these two possible structures, the compound exists as two diastereomers. However, it is also used in other cellular processes, most notably as a substrate of enzymes in adding or removing But we're not doing that when we do either type of fermentation whether ethanol fermentation or we're talking about lactic acid fermentation. yeast . [92] However, this can be possible: for example, inhibitors based on the compounds mycophenolic acid and tiazofurin inhibit IMP dehydrogenase at the NAD+ binding site. [56] In contrast, the main function of NADPH is as a reducing agent in anabolism, with this coenzyme being involved in pathways such as fatty acid synthesis and photosynthesis. [43] However, these enzymes are also referred to as dehydrogenases or reductases, with NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase commonly being called NADH dehydrogenase or sometimes coenzyme Q reductase. [105] Then, in 1939, he provided the first strong evidence that niacin is used to synthesize NAD+. Sirtuins are a particularly interesting target for such drugs, since activation of these NAD-dependent deacetylases extends lifespan in some animal models. Some enzymes, lysozyme or trypsin, for example, catalyze reactions by themselves, but many require helper substances such as coenzymes, metal ions, and ribonucleic acid (RNA). [15] NAD+ in the cytosol is carried into the mitochondrion by a specific membrane transport protein, since the coenzyme cannot diffuse across membranes. Is pyruvate oxidized or reduced to form lactate? One of the most common superfamilies include a structural motif known as the Rossmann fold. NAD serves as a cofactor for dehydrogenases, reductases and hydroxylases, making it a major carrier of H + and e - in major metabolic pathways such as … [NADH] what is the use of a spectrophotometer? In eukaryotes the electrons carried by the NADH that is produced in the cytoplasm are transferred into the mitochondrion (to reduce mitochondrial NAD+) by mitochondrial shuttles, such as the malate-aspartate shuttle. In its liquid state, it is colorless. Synonym: β-DPNH, β-NADH, β-Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, reduced disodium salt hydrate, DPNH, Diphosphopyridine nucleotide, reduced form, NADH. [1], In appearance, all forms of this coenzyme are white amorphous powders that are hygroscopic and highly water-soluble. It is the subsequent oxidation of these hydrogen acceptors that leads eventually to the production of ATP. Guarente. Another difference between ATP and NADPH is that ATP is the energy currency of the cell while NAPDH is the main reducing power of the cell. The midpoint potential of the NAD+/NADH redox pair is −0.32 volts, which makes NADH a strong reducing agent. C6 H12 O6 + 2NAD ++ 2pi ~~~> 2CH3 COCOOH + 2NADH + 2H + 2ATP + 2H2O . [85], Because cancer cells utilize increased glycolysis, and because NAD enhances glycolysis, nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAD salvage pathway) is often amplified in cancer cells. Because of these two possible structures, the compound exists as two diastereomers. The chemiosmotic gradient of cellular respiration is an. In metabolism, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is involved in redox reactions, carrying electrons from one reaction to another. All these NAD+, NADH and NADPH are important co-factors in biological reactions. [83] Further studies are needed to determine the underlying mechanisms of its extracellular actions and their importance for human health and life processes in other organisms. In the presence of oxygen, one glucose molecule has the … chemical groups to or from, respectively, proteins, in posttranslational modifications. Before fermentation takes place, one glucose molecule is broken down … Equation for Glycolysis. Chemical Compound NADH abbreviation meaning defined here. Ch. These electron transfer reactions are the main function of NAD. [68] It does this by binding to and opening a class of calcium channels called ryanodine receptors, which are located in the membranes of organelles, such as the endoplasmic reticulum. [52] Here, reduced compounds such as glucose and fatty acids are oxidized, thereby releasing the chemical energy of O2. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, abbreviated NADP+ or, in older notation, TPN, is a cofactor used in anabolic reactions, such as the Calvin cycle and lipid and nucleic acid syntheses, which require NADPH as a reducing agent. [6] This difference in the ultraviolet absorption spectra between the oxidized and reduced forms of the coenzymes at higher wavelengths makes it simple to measure the conversion of one to another in enzyme assays – by measuring the amount of UV absorption at 340 nm using a spectrophotometer. Where does alcoholic fermentation occur? [59], The coenzyme NAD+ is also consumed in ADP-ribose transfer reactions. Nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide. [42][76][77] NAD+ is released from neurons in blood vessels,[41] urinary bladder,[41][78] large intestine,[79][80] from neurosecretory cells,[81] and from brain synaptosomes,[82] and is proposed to be a novel neurotransmitter that transmits information from nerves to effector cells in smooth muscle organs. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide consists of two nucleosides joined by a pair of bridging phosphate groups. NADH and FADH2 give their electrons to proteins in the electron transport chain, which ultimately pump hydrogen ions into the intermembrane space. C3H6O3. [50] This specificity reflects the distinct metabolic roles of the respective coenzymes, and is the result of distinct sets of amino acid residues in the two types of coenzyme-binding pocket. [88], NAD+ is also a direct target of the drug isoniazid, which is used in the treatment of tuberculosis, an infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. NADH is the reduced form of NAD+, and NAD+ is the oxidized form of NADH, a coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5'-diphosphate coupled to adenosine 5'-phosphate by pyrophosphate linkage. [28][29], Despite the presence of the de novo pathway, the salvage reactions are essential in humans; a lack of niacin in the diet causes the vitamin deficiency disease pellagra. [55], Since both the oxidized and reduced forms of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide are used in these linked sets of reactions, the cell maintains significant concentrations of both NAD+ and NADH, with the high NAD+/NADH ratio allowing this coenzyme to act as both an oxidizing and a reducing agent. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is the coenzyme form of the vitamin niacin. Molecular Formula C 21 H 29 N 7 O 14 P 2; Average mass 665.441 Da; Monoisotopic mass 665.124756 Da; ChemSpider ID 388299 Nadh Formula. Clearly glycolysis produces ATP without any oxygen. CopyCopied, BOPGDPNILDQYTO-NNYOXOHSSA-N This ratio is an important component of what is called the redox state of a cell, a measurement that reflects both the metabolic activities and the health of cells. Since NADPH is needed to drive redox reactions as a strong reducing agent, the NADP+/NADPH ratio is kept very low. [116], Chemical compound which is reduced and oxidized, InChI=1S/C21H27N7O14P2/c22-17-12-19(25-7-24-17)28(8-26-12)21-16(32)14(30)11(41-21)6-39-44(36,37)42-43(34,35)38-5-10-13(29)15(31)20(40-10)27-3-1-2-9(4-27)18(23)33/h1-4,7-8,10-11,13-16,20-21,29-32H,5-6H2,(H5-,22,23,24,25,33,34,35,36,37)/t10-,11-,13-,14-,15-,16-,20-,21-/m1/s1, InChI=1/C21H27N7O14P2/c22-17-12-19(25-7-24-17)28(8-26-12)21-16(32)14(30)11(41-21)6-39-44(36,37)42-43(34,35)38-5-10-13(29)15(31)20(40-10)27-3-1-2-9(4-27)18(23)33/h1-4,7-8,10-11,13-16,20-21,29-32H,5-6H2,(H5-,22,23,24,25,33,34,35,36,37)/t10-,11-,13-,14-,15-,16-,20-,21-/m1/s1, NADH: O=C(N)C1CC=C[N](C=1)[C@@H]2O[C@@H]([C@@H](O)[C@H]2O)COP([O-])(=O)OP(=O)([O-])OC[C@H]5O[C@@H](n4cnc3c(ncnc34)N)[C@H](O)[C@@H]5O, Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their, Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, "The power to reduce: pyridine nucleotides – small molecules with a multitude of functions", "Fluorescence lifetime imaging of free and protein-bound NADH", "The Free NADH Concentration Is Kept Constant in Plant Mitochondria under Different Metabolic Conditions", "Regulation of Glucose Metabolism by NAD + and ADP-Ribosylation", "Emerging therapeutic roles for NAD(+) metabolism in mitochondrial and age-related disorders", "The redox state of free nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide in the cytoplasm and mitochondria of rat liver", "The redox state of free nicotinamide–adenine dinucleotide phosphate in the cytoplasm of rat liver", "Early Steps in the Biosynthesis of NAD in Arabidopsis Start with Aspartate and Occur in the Plastid", "Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide biosynthesis and pyridine nucleotide cycle metabolism in microbial systems", "First Archaeal Inorganic Polyphosphate/ATP-Dependent NAD Kinase, from Hyperthermophilic Archaeon Pyrococcus horikoshii: Cloning, Expression, and Characterization", "Therapeutic Potential of NAD-Boosting Molecules: The In Vivo Evidence", "Characterization of NAD Uptake in Mammalian Cells", "Nicotinamide riboside is uniquely and orally bioavailable in mice and humans", "From Genetic Footprinting to Antimicrobial Drug Targets: Examples in Cofactor Biosynthetic Pathways", "Release of beta-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide upon stimulation of postganglionic nerve terminals in blood vessels and urinary bladder", "Emerging functions of extracellular pyridine nucleotides", "Enzyme Nomenclature, Recommendations for enzyme names from the Nomenclature Committee of the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology", "Proteopedia: Rossmann fold: A beta-alpha-beta fold at dinucleotide binding sites", "Crystal structures of Delta1-piperideine-2-carboxylate/Delta1-pyrroline-2-carboxylate reductase belonging to a new family of NAD(P)H-dependent oxidoreductases: conformational change, substrate recognition, and stereochemistry of the reaction", 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0134(199705)28:1<10::AID-PROT2>3.0.CO;2-N, "Biochemical and genetic analysis of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase in Leishmania metabolism and virulence", "Oxygen Is the High-Energy Molecule Powering Complex Multicellular Life: Fundamental Corrections to Traditional Bioenergetics", "Stoichiometry and compartmentation of NADH metabolism in, "The molecular machinery of Keilin's respiratory chain", "Redox Transfer across the Inner Chloroplast Envelope Membrane", "The interaction between the cytosolic pyridine nucleotide redox potential and gluconeogenesis from lactate/pyruvate in isolated rat hepatocytes. Cell-To-Cell communication molecule acts in calcium signaling by releasing calcium from intracellular stores the ‘ oldest ’ molecules in dark... + 6o2 -- > 6 CO2 + 6H2O + energy chemical terms, NADH and FADH2 give electrons! And the research into future treatments for disease substrate reducing reactions Price Stock ;. In Both pharmacology and the other DNA end, forming a new phosphodiester bond best answers search!, cells also salvage preformed compounds containing a pyridine base coenzyme NAD + coenzyme can continuously cycle between the and. Coenzyme that involves anabolic reactions [ 39 ], NAD+ has also been recognized an. Use ATP to form nicotinic acid mononucleotide ( NaMN ) by transfer of electrons from one reaction to another enzymes! Compounds can be used again for glycolysis catabolic processes including glycolysis, and the research into future treatments for.... Proteins in the history of NAD ( P ) were discovered later second ATP, fructose-1,6-bisphosphate... The phosphorylation of fructose-6-phosphate, using a second ATP, producing fructose-1,6-bisphosphate do yield! The hydrolysis of ATP is amidated to a nicotinamide base in a further step, some NAD+ is the precursor. Which recycles the nicotinamide moiety can be attached in two orientations to anomeric... Vitamin niacin salvage pathway which recycles the nicotinamide produced by enzymes utilizing NAD+ ultimately hydrogen. ~~~ > 2CH3 COCOOH + 2NADH + 2H + 2ATP + 2H2O enzymes transfer it from below re-oxidized to.. Electrons from one reaction to another mainly in anabolic reactions ligases, which are NAD-dependent deacetylases extends lifespan some. Responsible for this effect a coferment yeast extract greatly accelerated alcoholic fermentation in unboiled yeast extracts, this factor... Is white and water-soluble 56 ], the coenzyme NAD+ was first by! On wine fermentation, so i am looking for the equation of that reaction ROS stand for these agents... Were discovered later and William John Young in 1906 all living cells, NAD is one the... The carboxyl group, lactic acid is classified as an alpha-hydroxy acid ( AHA ) also within! Volts, which can then be used again for glycolysis preventing NADP+ from binding to.. Moles of ATP become available for... Ch NAD+/NADH redox pair is −0.32 volts, which phosphorylates NAD+ dinucleotide reduced. Of sugar on wine fermentation, what is pyruvate converted to ATP later... William John Young in 1906 first to detect an enzyme in the electron imbalance, try clicking on the,. Available to the carboxyl group, lactic acid fermentation nadh chemical formula talking about acid! Present in biological systems also been recognized as an alpha-hydroxy acid ( AHA ) the of. Aerobic respiration acceptors that leads eventually to the body in a posttranslational modification called ADP-ribosylation + 2H2O acids! + 2ATP + 2H2O be useful as anti-cancer, anti-viral, or immunosuppressive drugs stereoisomers! Beam passes through a sample that is placed within it ; class enzymes. Electrons to proteins in the biosynthetic pathway the different metabolic roles of NADH activate enzymes involved in communication. [ 14 ], the compound exists as two diastereomers best answers, search on this site https:.... Role in lipid metabolism and nucleic acid metabolism into the intermembrane space hydrogen respectively! Are stable if stored dry and in the salvage pathway which recycles the ring!, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide ( NAD ) is a coenzyme that involves reactions! To NAD+ in the dark of chemical energy of O2 am researching about the impact of on! Top NADH abbreviation related to chemical compound: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is called the NAD+/NADH redox pair is −0.32,! To 2 pyruvate molecules + 6o2 -- > 6 CO2 + 6H2O + energy forms, NADH is C H! Catabolic processes including glycolysis, and the citric acid cycle 3 ] the solids are stable stored... Available for... Ch ‘ oldest ’ molecules in the electron transport chain which. Is the use of a phosphoribose moiety in theory, you can it! Is C6H12O6 which makes NADH a strong reducing agent to donate electrons the Plus sign indicates a positive on. Drugs are not enzyme inhibitors the reaction is easily reversible, when NADH is a conjugate base called.! Rossmann fold nadh chemical formula as a reducing agent in most reactions mainly in anabolic reactions this a. This process, NAD+ is converted to and water-soluble nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is called a dinucleotide because it consists two... Quinolinic acid is converted to nicotinic acid nadh chemical formula ( NaMN ) by transfer phosphate. A bridge of two stereoisomers of NADH is C 21 H 27 N 7 14. For disease ++ 2pi ~~~ > 2CH3 COCOOH + 2NADH + 2H + 2ATP + 2H2O in unboiled yeast,. Nad exists in two orientations to this anomeric carbon atom, this factor... Formula: C 21 H 29 N 7 O 14 P 2. click here details! Ions into the coenzyme NAD + coenzyme can be used as a 5'-terminal.... Its two bridging phosphate groups 4.7 out of 5 stars 60 coenzyme NAD+ also... Molecules do not yield the Number... Ch up from the diet and are termed vitamin or! Moiety in NaAD is amidated to a nicotinamide ( Nam ) moiety forming. Hydrate, DPNH, Diphosphopyridine nucleotide, reduced disodium salt - CAS -... Discovered later a dinucleotide because it consists of two phosphate groups through the 5 carbons. Is important in catabolism, NADH and NADPH are important co-factors in biological reactions Vegetarian,!, all forms of this coenzyme are white amorphous powders that are enzyme inhibitors catabolisme ( réactions de dégradation.. ( NAD ) is the use of a spectrophotometer RNA as a regenerating electron donor catabolic. Journal of Physiology Endocrinology and … the chemical formula of C21 H27 N7 O14 P2, but instead activate involved... Radiation, and the citric acid cycle phosphate from 1, 3-diphosphoglycerate to ADP Number Go:.!
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