The ethical obligation to protect and promote animal welfare in research. For example, fear operates in a less organized subcortical neural circuit than pain, and it has been described in a wide variety of species [31]. In the area of vaccine testing and development, a surrogate in-vitro human immune system has been developed to help predict an individual's immune response to a particular drug or vaccine [53], [54]. Further, while the “3 Rs” capture crucially important concepts, they do not adequately reflect the substantial developments in our new knowledge about the cognitive and emotional capabilities of animals, the individual interests of animals, or an updated understanding of potential harms associated with animal research. [38]–[44]. Proponents of animal rights tend to regard animal experimentation as unethical because animals cannot consent to research. This Collection combines some papers that were written following this conference with an aim to highlight relevant progress and research. These findings also challenge our assumptions about species similarities and differences and their relevance in solving ethical dilemmas regarding the use of animals in research. Today, these guidelines provide a platform for the protection of human research subjects, including the principles of respect, beneficence, and justice, as well as special protections for vulnerable populations. Which of the following is defined as the branch of psychology that is concerned with establishing the principles of right and wrong behavior? Despite the attention brought to this issue by Russell and Burch, the number of animals used in research and testing has continued to increase. The examples above illustrate how innovative applications of technology can generate data more meaningful to humans, and reduce or replace animal use, but advances in medicine may also require novel approaches to setting research priorities. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. The field of ethics (or moral philosophy) involves systematizing, defending, and recommending concepts of right and wrong behavior. No, Is the Subject Area "Publication ethics" applicable to this article? Yes Ethics is described as the principles of right and wrong behavior. This Overview provides a brief summary of the ethical and scientific considerations regarding the use of animals in research and testing, and accompanies a Collection entitled Animals, Research, and Alternatives: Measuring Progress 50 Years Later, which aims to spur ethical and scientific advancement. One example of how psychological research can be used to control harmful behavior would be __________. Nevertheless, based on available information, it is clear that the number of animals used in research has not significantly declined over the past several decades. Finally, several contributors presented the latest scientific advances in developing alternatives to the use of animals in pharmaceutical research and development and regulatory toxicity testing. For more information about PLOS Subject Areas, click The group responsible for punishing ethical violations among psychologists is the __________. If a psychologist violates his or her ethical obligations but breaks no laws, the American Psychological Association could take action and __________. PLOS ONE promises fair, rigorous peer review, Resource limitations might require a strategic approach that emphasizes diseases with the greatest public health threats, which increasingly fall within the scope of preventable diseases. Limitations And Benefits Of Psychological Research On Animals: Many people see animal testing as a cruel and inhumane practice. Many researchers have also begun to rely solely on human data and cell and tissue assays to address large areas of therapeutic research and development. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: HRF NB. A code of ethics aids psychologists in the following ways except in __________. Ethical communication with clients dictates that psychologists will keep their conversations confidential unless required by law t/f? These principles encouraged researchers to work to reduce the number of animals used in experiments to the minimum considered necessary, refine or limit the pain and distress to which animals are exposed, and replace the use of animals with non-animal alternatives when possible. Articles in the accompanying Collection only briefly touch on the many scientific and ethical issues surrounding the use of animals in testing and research. Ethical codes are adopted by organizations to assist members in understanding the difference between right and wrong and in applying that understanding to their decisions. Full reporting of all animal use is not required or made public in most countries. Animal welfare: 1. In addition to the capacity to experience physical and psychological pain or distress, animals also display many language-like abilities, complex problem-solving skills, tool related cognition and pleasure-seeking, with empathy and self-awareness also suggested by some research. Discover a faster, simpler path to publishing in a high-quality journal. It does not show respect for the subjects. Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine, Washington, D.C., United States of America, For example, the U.S. Strengthen your addiction knowledge base on your budget. is necessary to get accurate results in some experiments. No, Is the Subject Area "Medicine and health sciences" applicable to this article? The performance task for the subjects is embarrassing and performed in public. Deception is not necessary for the successful completion of this study.The subjects were never debriefed in the study. The Introduction discusses the intent and organizational considerations of the Ethics Code. Animals demonstrate coordinated responses to pain and many emotional states that are similar to those exhibited by humans [25], [26]. The field of psychology has made great strides toward equality by ignoring minority groups. Yes Ethics in Research and Publication Grant Heller, Ph.D. 2. Approximately ninety years later, the U.S. adopted regulations for animals used in research, with the passage of the Laboratory Animal Welfare Act of 1966 [20]. Although scientists and ethicists have published numerous articles relevant to the ethics of animal research, current animal research guidelines do not articulate the rationale for the central differences between human and animal research guidelines. Ethical lapses in research can significantly harm human and animal subjects, students, and the public. Under the universal standards of conduct, psychological researchers must do all of the following except __________. No, Is the Subject Area "Breast cancer" applicable to this article? The subjects were never informed that they were participating in a psychological study. 2. The American Psychological Association's (APA) Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct (hereinafter referred to as the Ethics Code) consists of an Introduction, a Preamble, five General Principles (A-E) and specific Ethical Standards.The Introduction discusses the intent, organization, procedural considerations, and scope of application of the Ethics Code. Yes Ethics. When a psychologist is making a determination regarding whether or not a study is ethical, one should first consider __________ versus the demand or desire for increased knowledge in a particular field of study. The lack of consistency is further illustrated by the “U.S. Government Principles for the Utilization and Care of Vertebrate Animals Used in Testing, Research and Training” which stress compliance with the U.S. Depending on the study, it is sometimes necessary for psychologists to be deceptive. The authors thank the conference speakers and participants for their participation. Get tips for negotiating ethical dilemmas in everyday life. In August 2010, the Georgetown University Kennedy Institute of Ethics, the Johns Hopkins University Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing, the Institute for In Vitro Sciences, The George Washington University, and the Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine jointly held a two day multi-disciplinary, international conference in Washington, DC, to address the scientific, legal, and political opportunities and challenges to implementing alternatives to animal research. 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